"Inside Qatar's grand mosque" by Omar Chatriwala is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
Over time, these five practices became the basic obligations for pious Muslims. Though each has a textual basis in the Qu'ran, they are not prescribed together or elaborated as such at the time of the Prophet.
Witness of Faith (shahada)
Prayer (salat)
Fasting (sawm)
Alms (zakat)
Pilgrimmage (hajj)
For more information see The Five Pillars of Islam